The “Buy, Borrow, Die” strategy enables ultrawealthy individuals to legally avoid significant tax liabilities by exploiting how tax systems, particularly in the U.S., handle capital gains, borrowing, and inheritance. Here’s how it works:
1. Buy: Growing Wealth Through Appreciating Assets
The wealthy invest in assets like stocks, real estate, or art that increase in value over time. These “unrealized gains” are not taxed until the asset is sold.
For example, if $1 million in stock grows to $10 million, the $9 million gain remains untaxed unless the stock is sold.
2. Borrow: Accessing Cash Without Selling
Instead of selling assets and triggering taxes, the wealthy borrow against them. Banks offer low-interest loans using these assets as collateral, providing tax-free cash flow.
For instance, an individual with $10 million in stocks can borrow $5 million tax-free, as loans are not considered income. These funds can finance a luxurious lifestyle or further investments without selling assets.
3. Die: Passing Wealth Tax-Free
When the individual dies, their heirs inherit the assets with a “step-up in basis.” This resets the taxable value of the asset to its current market value, erasing unrealized gains.
For example, $1 million in stock that grew to $10 million transfers to heirs at the $10 million valuation, wiping out the $9 million taxable gain.
The Benefits for the Wealthy
This cycle lets the ultrawealthy:
- Avoid capital gains taxes indefinitely.
- Use borrowed funds for income without tax liability.
- Pass wealth to heirs with minimal or no tax impact.
Criticism and Proposed Reforms
Critics argue this strategy widens wealth inequality and undermines public funding. Suggested reforms include:
- Taxing unrealized gains upon inheritance.
- Implementing wealth taxes on total net worth.
- Introducing a minimum tax on unrealized gains, as seen in the “Billionaire Minimum Income Tax” proposal.
Final Thoughts
While legal, “Buy, Borrow, Die” highlights inequities in tax law that allow the ultrawealthy to avoid taxes while growing and passing on immense fortunes. Calls for reform continue, but for now, the strategy remains a powerful tool for preserving wealth.